cpu posts

Brought on by yet another product refresh by the Big Green Eyeball Gang, BI wants to take a moment to crawl under the hood to discuss what this sort of evolution means in practical terms. Specifically, the architectural changes that occur at the manufacturing level for the chips themselves -- using smaller and smaller integrated circuit etchings, and making minor tweaks to the layout of the circuitry itself. The former is typically called the "manufacturing process," which refers to the photolithography that etches the actual circuitry onto the silicon wafers -- the creation of the chip itself. The latter, where minor tweaks are made to the circuit layout from batch to batch, is referred to as the "chip stepping," and is most commonly discussed when referring to CPUs within a single generation.

The easiest way to think about the signals traveling on the circuits inside of any chip is as though they're commuters. They have to do the speed limit (okay, so they're obviously not from New Jersey; unlike what the NHTSA dictates, 186,000 miles per second; it's not just a good idea, it's The Law); anything that improves how they get from point A to point B results in improved performance. Shortening the commute or offering a more efficient route to travel both serve this greater purpose.

So, it's two thousand and nine. Sure, our digital minions are faster and more capable than ever before, but do you ever feel like you're missing out on the whole Gernsback experience? Where the hell is my flying car? This was supposed to be the future, but it's just.... now. We're still using magnetic media, transistors, and keyboards -- no fancy bubble chips, rod logic, or tactical neural implants (to quote Montgomery Scott, "The keyboard; how quaint").

So, what does 2009 have in store for us?

For one thing, Small Iron, and lots of it. Manufacturers and hardware vendors throughout the industry spectrum are anticipating a boom in the so-called "netbook" segment. Everyone from AMD and Intel to Acer and Asustek are gearing up in expectation of soaring demand for the ultra-portable/mini-notebook niches that were more or less defined by the introduction of Apple's Macbook Air and the subsequent introduction of the Atom and Eee PC. These certainly aren't desktop-replacement level equipment, but for folks who are frequently on the go and need something more robust than an iPhone or Blackberry, there's every expectation in the industry that these are the New BigSmall Thing.

With the impending deployment of a new calendar (why, hello Miss January), a young gamer's fancy turns lightly to thoughts of higher resolutions, better anti-aliasing levels, and new DX10.1 effects. But something is knocking the luster off the lust faster than dropping Aunt Edna's fruitcake in your lap. Jacking up a single setting is dropping your framerate to a crawl, even with the latest drivers hot off ATI or Nvidia's server.

You've got multiple CPU cores and a fistful of dollarsRAM, and things still aren't remaining as smooth and speedy as you'd like? In short, is stuffing another video card in your box the way to achieve Nirvana? Chances are, if you're already sporting a rig with the aforementioned goodies, a multi-GPU setup is about the only way to get a performance bump. The question becomes, is throwing another couple hundred dollars at the problem worth it?

Ready to put the screws to all that shiny stuff and get the most out of your rig? It's time to scare away the timid, or drag them screaming into the realm of the technorati.

It's time to tweak your BIOS.

That's right, it's time to play with the Blue Screen of Life. None of that namby-pamby, "I fell on my face choking on a device driver and puked up a memory address error" Blue Screen of Death crap today. We've got Trans-Siberian Orchestra's version of Beethoven's Ninth cranked up, and it's time to soar to new heights.

Besides, cranking up clock speeds is an excellent way to keep warm in the absence of hot cocoa, egg nog, or Irish coffee (which are fattening, vile, and not allowed at the office, respectively).

As gamers, unless you're a Minesweeper junkie with an epic Peggle jones and no further aspirations, you're going to have to have a dedicated video card in your rig to get any kind of decent graphic performance.

Wait, what?

The short answer for why that's the case is: "Math is hard; let's go shopping." However, it's not us saying that, it's the CPU.

I know what you're thinking. "BI, the central processing unit... all it does is math!" Or perhaps, "You cheap bastard, you still owe me five bucks for your share of the beer last week." You're right, of course (about the CPU, anyway...). In terms of raw computational horsepower, a modern processor is a potent customer. However, of necessity, it's also a generalist.

In order to obtain truly prodigious performance, we need to bring in a specialist. That specialist is your video card. Think of it like this -- an Olympic decathlon competitor is in phenomenally good shape, and a world-class performer in ten different events, but in any single one of those, their lunch will be summarily eaten by someone who makes that their sole pursuit.

We here at Big Download naturally assume you like free stuff. That's why we've got that enticing heap of files up there, batting its eyelashes seductively at you (or maybe I need to switch to decaf that isn't laced with wormwood). But, chances are, free (as in beer) stuff is lurking on or under your desk right this moment. No, not the cans with the five cent deposit. No, not that copy of Daikatana you forgot to take to the pawn shop, either.

Unless you're already at the bleeding edge, got exceedingly unlucky, or are highly risk-averse, there's extra performance to be had out of the components you've already got by running them faster than their rated, factory-set speed. This practice is known as overclocking, and has grown from a lunatic fringe cottage industry into big business, frequently with the tacit approval of component manufacturers, and occasionally engaged in by some brands themselves.

In a nutshell, overclocking allows you to get the performance of a more-expensive part -- CPU, video card, or RAM module -- out of a less-expensive one by the strategic application of brains, willpower, voltage, cooling, and luck.

Here in the Big Iron room, we're going to be throwing around a lot of computer acronyms and terminology. So, for those folks who may be new to the notion of taking a screwdriver in hand to see what's inside their system, or when it's time for you to upgrade for the very first time, here's a quick list of the components we'll be making reference to and what their roles are.

CPU: Central Processing Unit. This is the processor itself, the expensive bit of silicon that performs a bunch of math very, very quickly. Intel's Pentiums, Celerons, and Xeons, along with AMD's Athlons, Durons, Semprons, and Opterons. Most of us are going to have some flavor of Pentium or Athlon (yes, even Mac users have Intel chips under the hood nowadays, though you PPC folks are a bunch of die-hards). When referring to processor speeds, we'll typically be speaking in terms of gigahertz (GHz), or billions of cycles per second.

Both Intel and AMD have, independently and somewhat confusingly, moved away from coming right out and saying how fast their CPUs are in terms of raw clock speed. Instead, each of them has come up with an arcane and obscure "performance rating system" that sort of, kind of, using a perverse combination of marketing, advanced differential calculus and a lot of handwavium, gives you a vague idea of how your new CPU would stack up to a first-generation Pentium IV. This may not, in fact, adequately express how arbitrary and confusing this practice is, and I'm going to stay well clear of that particular morass. You'll be getting clock speeds in this space for the sake of everyone's sanity.

Cores: Recently, both Intel and AMD have begun offering CPUs with more than one processor tucked into a single package. Such dual-core or quad-core (and, in some cases, triple-core) chips allow the system to do two (or three, or four) things at the same time, and more games -- and applications in general -- are beginning to take this into account with their programming -- a practice known as multi-threading or symmetric multi-processing (SMP).

RAM: Random Access Memory. This is where your system stores the information its actively working with, and is typically measured in Megabytes (MB) or Gigabytes (GB). There are two main types of RAM in most current PCs today -- DDR2 and DDR3 (DDR stands for Double Data Rate -- the practice of transferring information on both the "up" and "down" cycle of the memory clock. More detail for those who really want to investigate it is in the links).

HDD: Hard Disk Drive. Main storage, measured in Gigabytes (GB), and occasionally in Terabytes (TB). This is where everything is saved - from operating system files to games to music - everything that takes up space when it's saved.

Video Cards: Arguably, the single most important component when it comes to determining how well a PC will perform a video game in terms of frame rate (often called FPS -- frames per second -- not to be confused with the same acronym used to refer to first-person shooters). There are two major players in this arena - nVidia and ATI (which was recently purchased by CPU maker AMD). The players in this field have also been engaged in a bit of marketing and naming chicanery, but at least they're numbering their offerings sequentially, so you can be pretty confident that a 9-series card is faster than an 8-series card from the same manufacturer most of the time, for instance.

SLI / Crossfire: The respective "multiple video cards in one PC" implementations supported by nVidia and ATI.

There are a lot of variables that go into building and optimizing a gaming rig. It's our hope here at Big Iron to demystify some of what goes on under for you, and allow you to share in the hardware enthusiasm. There's a lot of pride in craftsmanship when you do build your own PC. Hop in, it's a hell of a ride.


Rafe spends his days wielding a phone in one hand and a screwdriver in the other. When not causing friends and enemies alike to /facepalm electronically, he can be found extolling the virtues of the weird peripherals in his life, from kettlebells to the Trackman Marble. If you have any hardware, performance, or upgrade-related questions you'd like to see in future editions of Big Iron, the target coordinates are rafe.brox AT weblogsinc DOT com.